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Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education

Table 5 Paired samples test of motivation

From: Portfolio assessment among upper-intermediate learners: effects on learners’ willingness to communicate, grit tendencies, and motivation

 

Mean

SD

SE mean

t

df

Sig. (2-tailed)

CG pre/post-tests

− 3.10

5.90

1.09

− 2.83

28

0.00

EG pre/post-tests

10.51

15.07

2.79

− 3.75

28

0.00

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