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Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education

Table 15 Paired samples test of grit

From: Portfolio assessment among upper-intermediate learners: effects on learners’ willingness to communicate, grit tendencies, and motivation

 

Mean

SD

SE mean

t

df

Sig. (2-tailed)

CG pre/post-tests

− 3.27

8.52

1.58

− 2.06

28

0.04

EG pre/post-tests

− 28.10

25.49

4.73

− 5.93

28

0.00

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