Table 5 Results of paired sample t-test on control group
From: Flipped classroom with gamified technology and paper-based method for teaching vocabulary
Paired sample statistics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test | M | N | SD | SE mean | r |
All pre- | 37.527 | 72 | 11.105 | 1.308 | 0.085 |
All post- | 46.694 | 72 | 15.224 | 1.794 | |
H pre- | 49.583 | 24 | 7.198 | 1.469 | 0.040 |
H post- | 49.416 | 24 | 16.349 | 3.337 | |
L pre- | 31.500 | 48 | 7.043 | 1.016 | 0.858 |
L post- | 45.333 | 48 | 14.617 | 2.109 | |
Paired sample test | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paired differences | t | df | Sig. (2-tailed) | d | |||||
Pair pretest and posttest | M | SD | SE mean | 95% confidence interval of the difference | |||||
Lower | Upper | ||||||||
All | −9.166 | 16.913 | 1.993 | −13.141 | −5.192 | −4.599 | 71 | 0.000 | 0.541 |
H | 0.166 | 14.825 | 3.026 | −6.093 | 6.426 | 0.055 | 23 | 0.957 | 0.011 |
L | −13.833 | 16.057 | 2.317 | −18.495 | −9.170 | −5.969 | 47 | 0.000 | 0.861 |