Table 6 Multiple Linear Regression of TOEFL iBT Speaking test scores and washback items

(Constant)

15.163

1.288

11.771

0.000

(5) The use of SpeechRater in TOEFL iBT speaking test has motivated me to learn English cohesive devices

0.362

0.200

0.118

1.806

0.073

(9) The use of SpeechRater in TOEFL iBT speaking test has motivated me to take part in off-class spoken English communication activities

0.306

0.226

0.110

1.353

0.178

(10) The use of SpeechRater in TOEFL iBT speaking test has motivated me to speak more English in academic settings

− 0.093

0.228

− 0.035

− 0.408

0.684

(11) The use of SpeechRater in TOEFL iBT speaking test has motivated me to use the smartphone applications relating to spoken English learning and testing

0.548^**

0.187

0.202

2.934

0.004

(17) As TOEFL iBT speaking test is automatically-scored, before the test it has been helpful for me to recite some templates

− 0.354

0.195

− 0.115

− 1.816

0.071

Self-assessed spoken English proficiency level

0.887^***

0.090

0.636

9.803

0.000