Challenges and opportunities for spoken English learning and instruction brought by automated speech scoring in large-scale speaking tests: a mixed-method investigation into the washback of SpeechRater in TOEFL iBT

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the respondents’ demographic information

	Category	Population
Year of study	1st year	26
	2nd year	37
	3rd year	48
	4th year and above	42
	Total	153
Gender	Female	91
	Male	55
	Prefer not to say	7
	Total	153
Major	Arts & Humanities	54
	Social Sciences	23
	Natural Sciences	16
	Engineering	32
	Information technology	11
	Agriculture, Life and Environment	10
	Medical Science	7
	Total	153