Table 3 Elements and definitions in the Toulmin model
Six elements of Toulmin’s argumentation model | |
|---|---|
Claim | Claim refers to the conclusion to be argued for (Toulmin, 2003, p. 90) |
Data | The term data (D) refers to the specific facts relied on to support a given claim (Toulmin et al., 1984, p. 38) |
Warrant | Toulmin (2003) introduced the concept of warrant (W), which serves as the bridge to justify how the claim is derived from the data (p. 91) |
Backing | Backing refers to facts, authorities, or explanations used to strengthen or support the warrant (Toulmin, 2003, p. 91) |
Qualifier | Qualifiers refer to modals, such as probably, possibly, perhaps (Toulmin, 2003, p. 92) |
Rebuttal | A rebuttal specifies the conditions which might defeat the major claim (Toulmin, 2003, p. 94) |