Optimizing auditory input for foreign language learners through a verbotonal-based dichotic listening approach

Table 3 Brain activations for FL-FR, FL-R, L-FR, and NL-NR stimuli

Stimulus	Region	BA	k	z-value	T	MNI coordinates
Stimulus	Region	BA	k	z-value	T	x	y	z
FL-FR^a	L-MFG	–	158	3.69	3.92	− 40	48	− 6
	R-IFG	–	113	3.38	3.56	50	42	4
		46		3.33	3.50	54	44	18
		9		3.61	3.82	62	16	32
	L-Putamen	–	111	3.14	3.29	− 14	16	6
	L-STG	–	110	3.61	3.83	− 68	− 22	12
		42		3.60	3.82	− 70	− 32	20
	R-SFG	–	101	3.69	3.92	− 40	48	− 6
		10		3.49	3.69	24	62	− 6
	R-STG	22	97	3.71	3.94	54	− 12	8
	R-Cun	–	93	3.42	3.60	12	− 88	36
	R-MTG	–	55	3.27	3.43	40	− 70	26
FL-R^a	L-Inferior parietal lobule	–	871	4.2	4.54	− 34	− 60	64
		40		4.17	4.51	− 44	− 52	− 60
		42		3.90	4.17	− 70	− 22	14
	L-MFG	8	195	3.73	3.97	− 26	24	62
		10	80	3.60	3.82	− 39	45	30
	R-Inferior parietal lobule	40	180	3.37	3.55	60	− 50	42
	R-Precuneus	7	74	3.45	3.65	2	− 62	52
	R-STG	22	56	3.65	3.88	60	− 6	6
	R-MFG	10	51	3.62	3.84	36	42	24
	L-STG	41	19	3.26	3.43	− 42	− 34	12
L-FR^b	Corpus callosum	–	475	2.14	2.19	6	− 18	16
	R-STG	–	356	3.05	3.19	68	− 6	− 8
		22		2.72	2.82	58	− 8	8
	Midbrain	–	103	2.10	2.15	4	− 16	− 16
	L-Brainstem	–	65	2.41	2.48	− 16	− 22	− 14
	R-MFG	6	55	2.71	2.80	60	4	52
	L-STG	41	53	2.58	2.66	− 40	− 24	10
		42	41	2.32	2.38	− 58	− 16	10
NL-NR^a	L-STG	–	1364	4.83	5.35	− 70	− 30	18
		42		4.82	5.34	− 60	20	12
		40		4.82	5.34	− 60	− 20	12
	R-STG	–	796	4.92	5.48	58	6	54
		22		4.22	4.57	66	− 6	8
		43		4.53	4.96	54	− 10	10
	L-Precentral gyrus	6	81	3.69	3.92	− 52	− 4	56
	L-Pons	–	69	3.48	3.68	− 10	− 34	− 38
	L-Cerebellum anterior lobe	–	56	3.33	3.50	− 8	− 50	− 24
	R-PoCG	2	47	4.17	4.50	62	− 30	54
	R-Pons	–	18	3.29	3.45	14	− 32	− 36
	Midbrain	–	15	3.30	3.47	8	− 18	− 18

BA Brodmann area; k, cluster size (number of voxels), L left hemisphere, R right hemisphere, MFG middle frontal gyrus, IFG inferior frontal gyrus, STG superior temporal gyrus, SFG superior frontal gyrus, Cun cuneus, MTG middle temporal gyrus, PoCG postcentral gyrus
^aClusters are thresholded at p < .001 (uncorrected)
^bClusters are thresholded at p < .03 (uncorrected)