Profiling the pausing behaviour of EFL learners in real-time computer-aided writing: a multi-method case study

Table 3 Word-level pauses made by more- and less-skilled EFL writers

	More-skilled writers (N = 4)	Less-skilled writers (N = 4)
	Mean SD	Mean SD
Number of pauses within words	13.75 2.36	36.75 9.74
Mean pause duration within words	7.12 2.63	8.24 4.23
Number of pauses before words	39.25 13.00	54.00 8.21
Mean pause duration before words	7.40 3.05	8.27 2.24
Number of pauses after words	8.50 1.91	17.25 10.05
Mean pause duration after words	7.34 1.10	5.52 1.71
Number of pauses between words	64.00 12.75	97.75 16.88
Mean pause duration between words	7.47 3.64	8.01 2.23

Note: According to the Inputlog manual, a “within words” pause is defined as “each pause within a word”; a “before words” pause is defined as “each pause before a word”; an “after words” pause is defined as “each pause after a word”; a “between words” pause is calculated as “a consecutive combination of a pause labelled ‘after words’ and ‘before words’” (Leijten & Van Waes, 2019, pp. 83–84). The mean pause duration data in the table are presented in units of seconds