Table 4 Mean frequency, standard deviation, and proportion of referential markers subcategory
Referential Markers | Test | M | SD | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall References | Pre-test | 29.91 | 11.01 | 18.16% |
Post-test | 23.26 | 7.11 | 14.51% | |
1st &2nd Personal Pronouns | Pre-test | 11.91 | 6.11 | 7.23% |
Post-test | 7.00 | 4.81 | 4.37% | |
3rd Personal Pronouns | Pre-test | 9.52 | 5.17 | 6.03% |
Post-test | 11.57 | 4.97 | 7.22% | |
Demonstrative Pronouns | Pre-test | 2.39 | 1.85 | 1.52% |
Post-test | 1.52 | 1.34 | 0.95% | |
Comparative Pronouns | Pre-test | 1.22 | 1.48 | 0.77% |
Post-test | 0.43 | 0.66 | 0.27% | |
The definite article ‘the’ | Pre-test | 5.09 | 3.04 | 3.09% |
Post-test | 2.74 | 2.16 | 1.71% | |
The zero article | Pre-test | 10.61 | 5.68 | 6.44% |
Post-test | 18.87 | 6.29 | 11.77% |