Table 1 Frequency and percentage of participants’ responses
From: Motivation and attitude towards shadowing: learners perspectives in Japanese as a foreign language
Item summary | Agree + Strongly agree | Partially agree | Partially disagree | Disagree + Strongly disagree | Mean (SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Improvement (α = .907) | |||||||
Listening (Lt) | 1 | Shadowing is effective in improving listening skills. | 23 (63.9%) | 7 (19.4%) | 5 (13.9%) | 1 (2.8%) | 4.69 (1.091) |
2 | Listening skills improve if shadowing improves. | 21 (58.3%) | 12 (33.3%) | 3 (8.3%) | 0 (0%) | 4.72 (0.914) | |
3 | Listening skills improve the more practice shadowing. | 22 (61.1%) | 10 (27.8%) | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (2.8%) | 4.72 (1.031) | |
4 | Became better at listening after practicing shadowing. | 28 (77.8%) | 5 (13.9%) | 3 (8.3%) | 0 (0%) | 4.94 (0.860) | |
5(−) | Don’t think shadowing is good for listening skills. | 1 (2.8%) | 4 (11.1%) | 8 (22.2%) | 23 (63.9%) | 4.78 (1.098) | |
Speaking (Sp) | 1 | Shadowing is effective in improving pronunciation. | 23 (63.9%) | 10 (27.8%) | 3 (8.3%) | 0 (0%) | 4.75 (0.874) |
2 | Speaking skills will improve if shadowing improves. | 24 (66.7%) | 1 (2.8%) | 7 (19.4%) | 4 (11.1%) | 4.74 (0.922) | |
3 | Speaking skills improve the more practice shadowing. | 25 (69.4%) | 6 (16.7%) | 3 (8.3%) | 2 (5.6%) | 4.69 (1.064) | |
4 | Pronunciation became better after shadowing. | 16 (44.4%) | 12 (33.3%) | 6 (16.7%) | 2 (5.6%) | 4.31 (1.091) | |
5(−) | Don’t think shadowing is good for speaking skills. | 4 (11.1%) | 3 (8.3%) | 4 (11.1%) | 25 (69.4%) | 4.64 (1.355) | |
Attitude (α = .848) | |||||||
Performance (Pf) | 1 | Become better at shadowing week after week. | 21 (58.3%) | 9 (25.0%) | 5 (13.9%) | 1 (2.8%) | 4.61 (1.076) |
2 | It is important to practice shadowing at a faster speed. | 13 (36.1%) | 17 (47.2%) | 4 (11.1%) | 2 (5.6%) | 4.25 (1.105) | |
3(−) | Not necessary to practice at a speed faster than I can. | 6 (16.7%) | 7 (19.4%) | 11 (30.6%) | 12 (33.3%) | 3.92 (1.339) | |
4 | Can become better at shadowing if practice more. | 29 (80.6%) | 6 (16.7%) | 1 (2.8%) | 0 (0%) | 5.14 (0.798) | |
5 | Feedback is very useful to find mistakes. | 26 (74.3%) | 9 (25.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 5.06 (0.765) | |
Satisfaction (Sf) | 1 | Shadowing practice is a valuable learning experience. | 22 (61.1%) | 10 (27.8%) | 4 (11.1%) | 0 (0%) | 4.81 (1.009) |
2(−) | Shadowing practice did not assist learning in Japanese. | 2 (5.6%) | 3 (8.3%) | 8 (22.2%) | 23 (63.9%) | 4.75 (1.156) | |
3 | Recommend shadowing practice to friends. | 23 (63.9%) | 9 (25.0%) | 2 (5.6%) | 2 (5.6%) | 4.72 (1.085) | |
4 | Continue shadowing even after completing this unit. | 8 (22.2%) | 15 (41.7%) | 6 (16.7%) | 7 (19.4%) | 3.67 (1.242) | |
5(−) | Don’t think shadowing improves conversation skills. | 2 (5.6%) | 8 (22.2%) | 9 (25.0%) | 16 (44.4%) | 4.29 (1.274) | |
Motivation (α = .663) | |||||||
Intrinsic (IM) | 1 | Like shadowing because it is challenging. | 10 (27.8%) | 13 (36.1%) | 7 (19.4%) | 6 (16.7%) | 3.78 (1.290) |
2 | Correcting mistakes after the feedback is important. | 25 (69.4%) | 8 (22.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | 0 (0%) | 4.89 (0.919) | |
3 | Satisfying thing is to understand the content. | 13 (36.1%) | 9 (25.0%) | 7 (19.4%) | 7 (19.4%) | 3.83 (1.320) | |
4 | Choose material to learn even if not for a good grade. | 19 (52.8%) | 11 (30.6%) | 4 (11.1%) | 1 (2.8%) | 4.54 (1.010) | |
5 | Practice shadowing to sound like a native speaker. | 13 (36.1%) | 14 (38.9%) | 6 (16.7%) | 3 (8.3%) | 4.17 (1.134) | |
Extrinsic (EM) | 1(−) | Shadowing should not be marked by the accuracy. | 4 (11.1%) | 4 (11.1%) | 9 (25.0%) | 18 (50.0%) | 4.34 (1.327) |
2(−) | Not necessary to practice shadowing after feedback. | 1 (2.8%) | 6 (16.7%) | 11 (30.6%) | 18 (50.0%) | 4.47 (1.082) | |
3 | Want to get better marks in shadowing than others. | 19 (52.8%) | 9 (25.0%) | 5 (13.9%) | 3 (8.3%) | 4.47 (1.253) | |
4(−) | Practice shadowing to perform well in class. | 8 (22.2%) | 11 (30.6%) | 7 (19.4%) | 10 (27.8%) | 3.61 (1.358) | |
5 | Satisfied with 90% mark as already a high mark. | 30 (83.3%) | 3 (8.3%) | 2 (5.6%) | 0 (0%) | 5.11 (1.105) | |
Cost (α = .671) | |||||||
Cost (Ct) | 1(−) | Practicing shadowing makes me tired. | 19 (52.8%) | 8 (22.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | 6 (16.7%) | 2.83 (1.612) |
2(−) | Cannot start working on shadowing easily. | 16 (44.4%) | 6 (16.7%) | 4 (11.1%) | 10 (27.8%) | 3.14 (1.823) | |
3(−) | Wait to start shadowing until the submission due date. | 22 (61.1%) | 8 (22.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | 3 (8.3%) | 2.44 (1.370) | |
4(−) | Frustrated easily when cannot catch up with the speed. | 25 (69.4%) | 5 (13.9%) | 3 (8.3%) | 3 (8.3%) | 2.17 (1.363) | |
5 | Shadowing is not painful. | 7 (19.4%) | 7 19.4%) | 13 (36.1%) | 9 (25.0%) | 3.28 (1.579) | |