Using meta-analysis of technique and timing to optimize corrective feedback for specific grammatical features

Table 4 Feedback Types by Proficiency Level

Feedback Type	Proficiency Level	Mean	N
Direct Feedback (Written)	High Beginner	1.9744	1
	Low Intermediate	.4783	4
	Intermediate	2.4412	4
Indirect Feedback (Written)	High Beginner	1.2792	1
	Low Intermediate	−.5916	2
	Intermediate	1.4295	2
	High Intermediate	.3780	1
Metalinguistic Feedback (Written)	Low Intermediate	1.1749	6
Metalinguistic Feedback (Written)	Intermediate	2.9314	2
Metalinguistic Feedback (Oral)	High Beginner	.2352	2
Metalinguistic Feedback (Oral)	Intermediate	1.7848	2
Recast (Oral)	High Beginner	.8858	4
	Low Intermediate	1.2692	1
	Intermediate	1.1800	2
Prompt (Oral)	High Beginner	.3628	2
Total	High Beginner	.7993	10
	Low Intermediate	.6961	13
	Intermediate	2.0347	12
	High Intermediate	.3780	1