Table 3 Feedback Types by Grammatical Feature

simple past (regular and irregular)

Direct Feedback (Written)

−.3146

2

Indirect Feedback (Written)

−.5916

2

Metalinguistic Feedback (Oral)

.2747

1

regular past

Recast (Oral)

.6717

2

Prompt (Oral)

.3404

1

irregular past

Metalinguistic Feedback (Oral)

.1956

1

Recast (Oral)

1.0999

2

Prompt (Oral)

.3851

1

conditional

Direct Feedback (Written)

2.7576

2

Indirect Feedback (Written)

1.5766

1

Metalinguistic Feedback (Written)

2.6689

1

article

Direct Feedback (Written)

1.9108

6

Indirect Feedback (Written)

1.1655

5

Metalinguistic Feedback (Written)

2.0857

10

Metalinguistic Feedback (Oral)

1.7848

2

Recast (Oral)

1.1800

2

indefinite article

Direct Feedback (Written)

1.0741

3

Metalinguistic Feedback (Written)

1.4525

3

question

Metalinguistic Feedback (Oral)

.6583

2

Recast (Oral)

1.2712

2

participial adj / verb + me + to

Recast (Oral)

1.2692

1

Combined Simple Past and Present Perfect Tenses

Direct Feedback (Written)

1.7677

2

Indirect Feedback (Written)

1.2808

2

Average Effect Size

Direct Feedback (Written)

1.5406

15

Indirect Feedback (Written)

.8783

10

Metalinguistic Feedback (Written)

1.9917

14

Metalinguistic Feedback (Oral)

.8928

6

Recast (Oral)

1.0794

9

Elicitation (Oral)

.3628

2