Table 4 Indicators of style: use of stances and hedges

Evaluation

appropriate, bad, important

Ease or Difficulty

difficult, easy, hard

Causation and Effort

enable, manage, require

Epistemic Likelihood

likely, possible, probable, apparently, perhaps, probably, assume, guess, seem

Epistemic Certainty

apparent, certain, obvious, actually, certainly, definitely, conclude, notice, prove

Attitude or Emotion

annoyed, disappointed, nervous, amazingly, essentially, fortunately, agree, expect, feel

Ability or Willingness

able, anxious, careful

Style Adverbs

according to, generally, usually

Desire and Attention

decide, hope, want

Communication

claim, insist, say

Hedges

in general, kind of, typical