Table 1 Types of stances and hedges evaluated in the study
From: Examining the influence of native and non-native English-speaking teachers on Korean EFL writing
Type of stance or hedge | Examples |
|---|---|
1. epistemic certainty | apparent, certain, obvious, actually, certainly, definitely, conclude, notice, prove |
2. epistemic likelihood | likely, possible, probable, apparently, perhaps, probably, assume, guess, seem |
3. attitude | annoyed, disappointed, nervous, amazingly, essentially, fortunately, agree, expect, feel |
4. evaluation adjectives | appropriate, bad, important |
5. ability or willingness adjectives | able, anxious, careful |
6. ease or difficulty adjectives | difficult, easy, hard |
7. style adverbs | according to, generally, usually |
8. desire and attention verbs | decide, hope, want |
9. causation and effort verbs | enable, manage, require |
10. communication verbs | claim, insist, say |
11. hedges | in general, kind of, typical |