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Table 2 A Comparison of Studies in terms of Focused Rhetorical Markers

From: A model of rhetorical markers competence in writing academic research articles: a qualitative meta-synthesis

N

Author

Discourse markers

Pragmatic markers

Meta-discourse markers

Metaphorical markers

Author presence markers

Intensity markers

Indirectness markers

1

Fraser (1990)

*

      

2

Sanders et al. (1992)

*

      

3

Knott & Sanders (1998)

*

      

4

Fraser (1999)

*

      

5

Fraser (2005)

*

      

6

Fung & Carter (2007)

*

      

7

Fraser (1996)

 

*

     

8

Fraser (1997)

 

*

     

9

Fraser (2009)

 

*

     

10

Erman (2001)

 

*

     

11

Gonzales (2005)

 

*

     

12

Feng (2008)

 

*

     

13

Vande Kopple (1985)

  

*

    

14

Crismore et al. (1993)

  

*

  

*

 

15

Halliday (1994)

  

*

    

16

Hyland (2005)

  

*

    

17

Adel (2006)

  

*

    

18

Goatly (1997)

   

*

   

19

Vassileva (2000)

    

*

  

20

Molino (2010)

    

*

  

21

Quirk et al. (1985)

     

*

 

22

Brown & Levinson (1987)

      

*

23

Myers (2004)

      

*