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Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education

Table 2 Descriptive statistics

From: An exploratory study for factorial validity of cognitive styles among Japanese adult EFL learners: from educational and cultural perspectives

 

M

SD

skewness

kurtosis

   

SE

 

SE

field independent – field dependent 1

5.82

2.28

−0.51

0.13

−0.90

0.26

field independent – field dependent 2

5.25

2.51

−0.19

0.13

−1.25

0.26

field independent – field dependent 3

6.51

2.28

−0.96

0.13

−0.14

0.26

field sensitive – field insensitive 1

5.34

2.19

−0.05

0.13

−1.12

0.26

field sensitive – field insensitive 2

5.39

2.29

−0.14

0.13

−1.06

0.26

field sensitive – field insensitive 3

4.07

2.12

0.53

0.13

−0.80

0.26

leveling – sharpening 1

5.38

2.39

−0.17

0.13

−1.15

0.26

leveling – sharpening 2

4.54

1.92

0.29

0.13

−0.71

0.26

leveling – sharpening 3

4.30

2.06

0.42

0.13

−0.69

0.26

global – particular 1

4.65

2.27

0.10

0.13

−1.12

0.26

global – particular 2

4.97

2.07

0.06

0.13

−0.92

0.26

global – particular 3

3.61

2.15

0.73

0.13

−0.62

0.26

impulsive – reflective 1

5.60

2.57

−0.28

0.13

−1.23

0.26

impulsive – reflective 2

6.05

2.30

−0.66

0.13

−0.60

0.26

impulsive – reflective 3

4.75

2.54

0.06

0.13

−1.27

0.26

synthetic – analytic 1

4.88

2.33

0.05

0.13

−1.26

0.26

synthetic – analytic 2

5.10

2.30

−0.02

0.13

−1.06

0.26

synthetic – analytic 3

4.70

2.16

0.09

0.13

−0.92

0.26

analogue – digital 1

5.10

2.50

−0.03

0.13

−1.26

0.26

analogue – digital 2

4.03

2.31

0.50

0.13

−0.80

0.26

analogue – digital 3

3.37

2.04

0.80

0.13

−0.19

0.26

concrete – abstract 1

3.58

2.08

0.70

0.13

−0.36

0.26

concrete – abstract 2

4.04

2.24

0.46

0.13

−0.85

0.26

concrete – abstract 3

3.51

2.22

0.81

0.13

−0.43

0.26

random – sequential 1

4.04

2.42

0.51

0.13

−0.96

0.26

random – sequential 2

5.02

2.24

−0.09

0.13

−1.05

0.26

random – sequential 3

5.86

2.20

−0.48

0.13

−0.84

0.26

inductive – deductive 1

5.18

2.50

−0.28

0.13

−1.27

0.26

inductive – deductive 2

6.09

2.30

−0.58

0.13

−0.74

0.26

inductive – deductive 3

5.48

2.32

−0.27

0.13

−1.09

0.26

  1. Note. n = 362. M = mean, SD = standard deviation, SE = standard error
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