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Table 1 Contrasts of high agency versus low agency learning tasks

From: Linking up learners of Chinese with native speakers through WeChat in an Australian tertiary CFL curriculum

High Agency

Low Agency

Student Centered

Teacher Centered

Student Voice

Authoritarian

Constructivism

Transmission

Active

Passive

Doing

Watching

Elective

Compulsory

Intent Participation

Assembly Line

In Control

Programmed