Table 5 Mean and significant levels of pairwise comparisons of vowels

e

ɛ

Sig.

e

ɛ

Sig.

Korean

4.43

4.41

p = 0.13 ns.

6.51

6.2

p = 0.47 ns.

Korean imitation

4.42

4.65

p < 0.02

7.18

6.79

p < 0.01

Korean read aloud

4.14

4.14

p = 0.9 ns.

7.03

6.65

p = 072 ns.

Vietnamese

5.79

6.28

p < 0.004

6.38

5.68

p < 0.001

ɔ

o

ɤ/ʌ

ɔ

o

ɤ/ʌ

ɔ-o

ɔ-ɤ

o-ɤ

ɔ-o

ɔ-ɤ

o-ɤ

Korean

3.9

5.41

p < 0.01

4.25

3.57

p = 0.057 ns.

Korean imitation

4.71

4.17

4.59

p < 0.0001

p = 0.06 ns.

p < 0.0001

2.77

2.81

3.68

p = 0.58 ns.

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

Korean read aloud

3.86

3.64

3.92

p < 0.01

p = 0.34 ns.

p < 0.0001

3.07

2.95

3.56

p = 0.21 ns.

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

Vietnamese

6.64

4.87

5.83

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

3.48

5.37

4.32

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

u

ɯ

Sig.

u

ɯ

Sig.

Korean

4.24

3.55

p = 0.44 ns.

5

6.1

p < 0.02

Korean imitation

2.72

2.69

p = 0.78 ns.

5.09

7.57

p < 0.0001

Korean read aloud

2.49

2.58

p = 0.63, ns.

6.39

7.77

p < 0.0001

Vietnamese

3.96

5.58

p < 0.0001

6.18

5.42

p < 0.005