Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education

Table 4 Vowel error matrix in Read-Aloud and Imitation tasks. Vertical: Target Vietnamese vowels. Horizontal: Vietnamese vowels pronounced by Korean learners. The bolded figures indicate percentage of correct/native like vowel production. The italic figures indicate the major error patterns

From: L1 Korean vocalic transfer in adult L2 Korean learners’ production of Vietnamese monophthong vowels

Vowels	a	ɛ	e	i	ɔ	o	ɤ	u	ɯ	x
Imitation
a	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ɛ	0	62	17	0	0	0	0	0	0	21
e	0	0	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
i	0	0	0	73	0	0	0	0	0	27
ɔ	0	0	0	0	67	33	0	0	0	0
o	0	0	0	0	8	88	0	0	0	5
ɤ	0	0	0	0	0	0	100	0	0	0
u	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	100	0	0
ɯ	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	98	2
Read aloud
a	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ɛ	0	23	9	0	0	0	0	0	0	68
e	0	0	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
i	0	0	0	100	0	0	0	0	0	0
ɔ	0	0	0	0	27	24	0	0	0	48
o	0	0	0	0	6	89	0	0	0	5
ɤ	0	0	0	0	12	0	30	0	0	58
u	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	65	11	24
ɯ	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	94	5

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