Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education

Table 3 Significant levels of the pair-wise comparisons of vowels produced by the four groups: control Vietnamese(V), control Korean (K), Korean imitation (KI), and Korean read aloud (KR). ns. means non-significance

From: L1 Korean vocalic transfer in adult L2 Korean learners’ production of Vietnamese monophthong vowels

Vowels	B1-B0					B2-B1
Vowels	V-K	V-KI	V-KR	K-KI	K-KR	V-K	V-KI	V-KR	K-KI	K-KR
a	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p = 0.6 ns.	p = 0.69	p < 0.001	p = 0.016	p = 0.24 ns.	p = 0.15 ns.	p = 0.07
ɛ	p < 0.02	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p = 0.38 ns.	p = 0.21 ns.	p < 0.01	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p = 0.27 ns.	p = 0.4 ns.
e	p < 0.01	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p = 0.89 ns.	p = 0.41 ns.	p = 0.67 ns.	p < 0.01	p < 0.03	p = 0.13 ns.	p = 0.3 ns.
i	p = 0.66 ns.	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p = 0.16 ns.	p < 0.02	p = 0.55 ns.	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p = 0.08 ns.	p < 0.006
ɔ	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p = 0.69 ns.	p < 0.003	p < 0.0001	p = 0.024	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001
o	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p = 0.34 ns.	p = 0.16 ns.	p < 0.006	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p < 0.006
ɤ/ʌ	p = 0.25 ns.	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p = 0.002	p < 0.0001	p = 0.07 ns.	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p = 0.87 ns.	p = 0.8 ns.
u	p = 0.3 ns.	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p < 0.02	p < 0.0001	p = 0.47 ns.	p = 0.88 ns.	p < 0.005
ɯ	p < 0.05	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p = 0.06 ns.	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001

The non-significant difference between Vietnamese and Korean learners' Imitation and read aloud vowels e and ɛ are italicized

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